Features of Jute Fiber | Properties of Jute Fiber | Characteristics ofJute Fiber | Uses of Jute Fiber

Jute Fiber

Jute is a bast fiber used for sacking, burlap, and twine as a backing material for tufted carpets. It is a long, soft, shiny fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. It is one of the cheapest natural fibers, and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety of uses. Jute fibers are composed primarily of the plant materials cellulose, lignin, and pectin. Both the fiber and the plant from which it comes are commonly called jute. It belongs to the genus Corchorus in the basswood family, Tiliaceae. 

Properties of Jute Fiber:

1. Jute fibre is 100% bio-degradable and recyclable and thus environmentally friendly.
2. Jute is a natural fibre with golden and silky shine and hence called The Golden Fibre.
3. Jute is the cheapest vegetable fibre procured from the bast or skin of the plant’s stem.
4. It is the second most important vegetable fibre after cotton, in terms of usage, global consumption, production, and availability.
5. It has high tensile strength, low extensibility, and ensures better breathability of fabrics. Therefore, jute is very suitable in agricultural commodity bulk packaging.
6. It helps to make best quality industrial yarn, fabric, net, and sacks. It is one of the most versatile natural fibres that has been used in raw materials for packaging, textiles, non-textile, construction, and agricultural sectors. Bulking of yarn results in a reduced breaking tenacity and an increased breaking extensibility when blended as a ternary blend.
7. Unlike the fiber known as hemp, jute is not a form of (Cannabis). Therefore it can be much more easily distinguished from forms of Cannabis that produce a narcotic
8. Jute is one of the most versatile natural fibres that has been used in raw materials for packaging, textiles, non-textile, and agricultural sectors.
9. Jute stem has very high volume of cellulose that can be procured within 4-6 months, and hence it also can save the forest and meet cellulose and wood requirement of the world.
10. The best varieties of Jute are Bangla Tosha - Corchorus olitorius (Golden shine) and Bangla White - Corchorus capsularis (Whitish Shine), and Mesta or Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) is another species with fibre similar to Jute with medium quality.
11. Raw Jute and Jute goods are interpreted as Burlap, Industrial Hemp, and Kenaf in some parts of the world.

The best source of Jute in the world is the Bengal Delta Plain, which is occupied by Bangladesh and India.

Uses of Jute Fiber
Jute is the second most important vegetable fibre after cotton; not only for cultivation, but also for various uses.

• Jute is used chiefly to make cloth for wrapping bales of raw cotton, and to make sacks and coarse cloth.
• The fibres are also woven into curtains, chair coverings, carpets, area rugs, hessian cloth, and backing for linoleum. 
• While jute is being replaced by synthetic materials in many of these uses, some uses take advantage of jute’s biodegradable nature, where synthetics would be unsuitable.
• Jute butts, the coarse ends of the plants, are used to make inexpensive cloth.
• Traditionally jute was used in traditional textile machineries as textile fibres having cellulose (vegetable fibre content) and lignin (wood fibre content). But, the major breakthrough came when the automobile, pulp and paper, and the furniture and bedding industries started to use jute and its allied fibres with their non-woven and composite technology to manufacture nonwovens, technical textiles, and composites.
• Jute can be used to create a number of fabrics such as Hessian cloth, sacking, scrim, carpet backing cloth (CBC), and canvas.
• Hessian, lighter than sacking, is used for bags, wrappers, wall-coverings, upholstery, and home furnishings.
• Sacking, a fabric made of heavy jute fibres, has its use in the name.
• Diversified jute products are becoming more and more valuable to the consumer today. Among these are espadrilles, floor coverings, home textiles, high performance technical textiles, Geotextiles, composites, and more.
• Jute is also used in the making of ghillie suits which are used as camouflage and resemble grasses or brush

Thus, jute is the most environment-friendly fibre starting from the seed to expired fibre, as the expired fibres can be recycled more than once.

Another diversified jute product is Geotextiles, which made this agricultural commodity more popular in the agricultural sector. It is a lightly woven fabric made from natural fibres that is used for soil erosion control, seed protection, weed control, and many other agricultural and landscaping uses. The Geotextiles can be used more than a year and the bio-degradable jute Geotextile left to rot on the ground keeps the ground cool and is able to make the land more fertile.

Rayon Fiber | Characteristics of Rayon Fiber | Manufacturing Process ofViscose Rayon | End Uses of Rayon Fiber

Rayon is the oldest commercial manmade fiber. It is a manufactured fiber composed of regenerated cellulose, as well as manufactured fibers composed of regenerated cellulose in which substituents have replaced not more than 15% of the hydrogens of the hydroxyl groups. Rayon fibers include yarns and fibers made by the viscose process, the cuprammonium process, and the now obsolete nitrocellulose and saponified acetate processes. Generally, in the manufacture of rayon, cellulose derived from wood pulp, cotton linters, or other vegetable matter is dissolved into a viscose spinning solution. The solution is extruded into an acid-salt coagulating bath and drawn into continuous filaments. Groups of these filaments may be made in the form of yarns or cut into staple.

Characteristics of Rayon Fiber :

1. Highly absorbent
2. Soft and comfortable
3. Easy to dye
4. Drapes well

The drawing process applied in spinning may be adjusted to produce rayon fibers of extra strength and reduced elongation. Such fibers are designated as high tenacity rayons, which have about twice the strength and two-thirds of the stretch of regular rayon. An intermediate grade, known as medium tenacity rayon, is also made. Its strength and stretch characteristics fall midway between those of high tenacity and regular rayon.

Types of Rayons

Rayon fibers are engineered to possess a range of properties to meet the demands for a wide variety of end uses. Types of rayon fiber are given below:

1. High wet modulus rayon
2. Polynosic rayon
3. Specialty rayons
4. Super absorbent rayons
5. Tencel rayon
6. Lyocell

Manufacturing Process of Viscose Rayon:

While there are many variations in the manufacturing process that exploit the versatility of the fiber, the following is a description of the procedure that is used in making regular or viscose rayon.

Regardless of whether wood pulp or cotton linters are used, the basic raw material for making rayon must be processed in order to extract and purify the cellulose. The resulting sheets of white, purified cellulose are then treated to form regenerated cellulose filaments. In turn, these filaments are spun into yarns and eventually made into the desired fabric.

The process of manufacturing viscose rayon consists of the following steps mentioned, in the order that they are carried out: (1) Steeping, (2) Pressing, (3) Shredding, (4) Aging, (5) Xanthation, (6) Dissolving, (7)Ripening, (8) Filtering, (9) Degassing, (10) Spinning, (11) Drawing, (12) Washing, (13) Cutting. The various steps involved in the process of manufacturing viscose are explained below.

Figure : Process of manufacture of viscose rayon fiber

1. Steeping: 

Cellulose pulp is immersed in 17-20% aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at a temperature in the range of 18 to 25°C in order to swell the cellulose fibers and to convert cellulose to alkali cellulose.

(C6H10O5)n + nNaOH —-> (C6H9O4ONa)n + nH2O
 

2. Pressing: 

The swollen alkali cellulose mass is pressed to a wet weight equivalent of 2.5 to 3.0 times the original pulp weight to obtain an accurate ratio of alkali to cellulose.
 

3.  Shredding: 

The pressed alkali cellulose is shredded mechanically to yield finely divided, fluffy particles called “crumbs”. This step provides increased surface area of the alkali cellulose, thereby increasing its ability to react in the steps that follow.
 

4.  Aging: 

The alkali cellulose is aged under controlled conditions of time C) in order to depolymerize the°and temperature (between 18 and 30 cellulose to the desired degree of polymerization. In this step the average molecular weight of the original pulp is reduced by a factor of two to three. Reduction of the cellulose is done to get a viscose solution of right viscosity and cellulose concentration.
 

5. Xanthation: 

In this step the aged alkali cellulose crumbs are placed in vats and are allowed to react with carbon disulphide under controlled temperature (20 to 30°C) to form cellulose xanthate.

(C6H9O4ONa)n + nCS2 ——> (C6H9O4O-SC-SNa)n

Side reactions that occur along with the conversion of alkali cellulose to cellulose xanthate are responsible for the orange color of the xanthate crumb and also the resulting viscose solution. The orange cellulose xanthate crumb is dissolved in dilute sodium hydroxide at 15 to 20 °C under high-shear mixing conditions to obtain a viscous orange colored solution called “viscose”, which is the basis for the manufacturing process. The viscose solution is then filtered (to get out the insoluble fiber material) and is deaerated.
 

6.  Dissolving: 

The yellow crumb is dissolved in aqueous caustic solution. The large xanthate substituents on the cellulose force the chains apart, reducing the interchain hydrogen bonds and allowing water molecules to solvate and separate the chains, leading to solution of the otherwise insoluble cellulose. Because of the blocks of un-xanthated cellulose in the crystalline regions, the yellow crumb is not completely soluble at this stage. Because the cellulose xanthate solution (or more accurately, suspension) has a very high viscosity, it has been termed “viscose”.
 

7. Ripening: 

The viscose is allowed to stand for a period of time to “ripen”. Two important process occur during ripening: Redistribution and loss of xanthate groups. The reversible xanthation reaction allows some of the xanthate groups to revert to cellulosic hydroxyls and free CS2. This free CS2 can then escape or react with other hydroxyl on other portions of the cellulose chain. In this way, the ordered, or crystalline, regions are gradually broken down and more complete solution is achieved. The CS2 that is lost reduces the solubility of the cellulose and facilitates regeneration of the cellulose after it is formed into a filament.

(C6H9O4O-SC-SNa)n + nH2O —-> (C6H10O5)n + nCS2 + nNaOH
 

8.  Filtering: 

The viscose is filtered to remove undissolved materials that might disrupt the spinning process or cause defects in the rayon filament.
 

9.  Degassing: 

Bubbles of air entrapped in the viscose must be removed prior to extrusion or they would cause voids, or weak spots, in the fine rayon filaments.
 

10.  Spinning - (Wet Spinning): 

Production of Viscose Rayon Filament: The viscose solution is metered through a spinnerette into a spin bath containing sulphuric acid (necessary to acidify the sodium cellulose xanthate), sodium sulphate (necessary to impart a high salt content to the bath which is useful in rapid coagulation of viscose), and zinc sulphate (exchange with sodium xanthate to form zinc xanthate, to cross link the cellulose molecules). Once the cellulose xanthate is neutralized and acidified, rapid coagulation of the rayon filaments occurs which is followed by simultaneous stretching and decomposition of cellulose xanthate to regenerated cellulose. Stretching and decomposition are vital for getting the desired tenacity and other properties of rayon. Slow regeneration of cellulose and stretching of rayon will lead to greater areas of crystallinity within the fiber, as is done with high-tenacity rayons.

The dilute sulphuric acid decomposes the xanthate and regenerates cellulose by the process of wet spinning. The outer portion of the xanthate is decomposed in the acid bath, forming a cellulose skin on the fiber. Sodium and zinc sulphates control the rate of decomposition (of cellulose xanthate to cellulose) and fiber formation.

(C6H9O4O-SC-SNa)n + (n/2)H2SO4 —> (C6H10O5)n + nCS2 + (n/2)Na2SO4

Elongation-at-break is seen to decrease with an increase in the degree of crystallinity and orientation of rayon.
 

11. Drawing: 

The rayon filaments are stretched while the cellulose chains are still relatively mobile. This causes the chains to stretch out and orient along the fiber axis. As the chains become more parallel, interchain hydrogen bonds form, giving the filaments the properties necessary for use as textile fibers.
 

12.  Washing: 

The freshly regenerated rayon contains many salts and other water soluble impurities which need to be removed. Several different washing techniques may be used.
 

13.  Cutting: 

If the rayon is to be used as staple (i.e., discreet lengths of fiber), the group of filaments (termed “tow”) is passed through a rotary cutter to provide a fiber which can be processed in much the same way as cotton . 

Major End Uses of Rayon Fiber :

1. Apparel: Accessories, blouses, dresses, jackets, lingerie, linings, millinery, slacks, sportshirts, sportswear, suits, ties, work clothes 

2. Home Furnishings: Bedspreads, blankets, curtains, draperies, sheets, slipcovers, tablecloths, upholstery 

3. Industrial Uses: Industrial products, medical surgical products, nonwoven products, tire cord 

4. Other Uses: Feminine hygiene products

Properties of Fiber | Properties of Textile Fiber

Properties of Textile Fiber:
To be a textile fiber it has some properties. The properties of textile fiber are given below:

Normally properties of textile fiber are three types
A) Physical Properties 

B) Mechanical Properties 

C) Chemical Properties
 
A) Physical Properties
1. Length
2. Fineness
3. Crimp
4. Maturity
5. Lusture
6. Softness
7. Resiliency
8. Work of rupture
9. Density
10. Appearance
11. Flexibility
12. Toughness
13. Elorgation

B)Mechanical Properties
1. Strength
2. Elasticity
3. Extensibility
4. Rigidity 

C) Chemical Properties
1. Solubility in aqueous salt
2. Solubility in organic salt 

Without above that properties fiber has also 

1. Thermal Prperties

2. Torsional Properties

Properties of Sulpher Dyes | Characteristics of Sulpher Dyes | Featuresof Sulpher Dye

The main properties and characteristics features of Sulpher dyes are mentioned below:-

1. Sulpher dyes have Sulpher linkage within their molecules.
2. Sulpher dyes are highly colouerd water insoluble dyes. Some dyes are partially soluble in water.
3. They have no direct affinity towards cellulosic fibres. To make them substantive they are to be converted in to soluble lucoform by treating them with reducing agents (Like dilute Na2S solution)
4. Sulpher dyes have good light fastness with rating about 4. This light fastness may be improved by an after treatment with metallic salt.
5. These dyes have excellent wash fastness with rating about 3-4. This good wash fastness is due to its larger molecular size & insolubility in water.
6. They are not applicable to wool due to strong alkaline condition.
7. They are exclusively amorphous, few of them show crystallinity.
8. Important for producing a wide range of shades on a varity of cotton and rayon.
9. Sulpher dyes are suitable for heavy & durable shades
10. Available in powder and soluble form
11. Sulpher dyes are cheap & easy to manufacture.

Heat and chemical resistance of Sulpher dyes are moderate to good. They have poor fastness to chlorine and are not applied to goods which are bleached with hypochlorite.

Features of Sulpher Dye

1. Amorphous Colloidal materials.
2. High molecular weight with various composition
3. Complex molecular structure –heterocyclic molecules containing Sulpher linkage.
4. Decomposed by acids, with the liberation of H2S.
5. Characterized by thiozine ring, containing Sulpher atom.