The List of Weaving Machineries | List of Different Kinds of Loom

In ancient time, men wore bulk of the tree or skin of different kinds of animal . By the development of human civilization, they started to wear cloth. In the first, they weaved cloth with hand. As a result production was so much little. Even to weave one cloth had to take one week or more time. After the revolution of time, men started to use power loom and the present modern loom to produce fabric.

The List of Weaving Machines:

1. Winding Machine:
a. Precision Winding machine
b. Non- Precision Winding machine

2. Creeling Machine

3. Warping Machine
a. High speed Warping Machine
b. Sectional Warping Machine

4. Sizing Machine
a. Slasher Sizing Machine
b. Ball warp Sizing Machine
c. Hank sizing maching

List of Different kind of Loom:
a. Hand loom
b. Power loom

a. Hand loom
1. Primitive loom
2. Pit loom
3. Frame loom
4. Chittaranjan loom
5. Hatersley loom

b. Power loom
1. Air jet loom
2. Water jet loom
3. Rapier loom
4. Multiphase loom

5-Wheel Take Up Mechanism | Five Wheel Take Up Mechanism (Jute) | Usesof 5-Wheel Take-Up Mechanism in Jute Weaving

Experiment name: Study on 5-wheel take up mechanism(jute).

Introduction:
Take-up is to draw a fabric to the cloth roller regularly as it is woven. Texture of a fabric largely depends upon the number of ends and picks per centimeter or inch. This motion determines the number of picks of weft per inch or centimeter and contributes to the uniform texture of the fabric. It is the work of the weaver for accurately fixing the position of the fell of the cloth before starting a loom. It is related to 7-Wheel Take up mechanism. 5-Wheel take up mechanism is used in case of jute weaving and 7-Wheel take up mechanism is used in another weaving as like as cotton.

Objects:
1.To know about the construction of the mechanism.
2.To know about drive of the take-up motion.

Take up motion:
The process of withdrawing fabric from weaving zone at a constant rate and then winding the woven cloth on the cloth roller with the continuous progress of weaving is called take up motion.

Types:
(1)According to drive:
(a) Positive take up.
(b)Negative take up. 

(2)According to motion of the cloth/Rate of take up:
(a)Continuous
(b)Intermittent

(3)According to drive given to the cloth roller:
(a)Direct drive
(b)Indirect drive

(4)According to number of gear train:
(a)5-Wheel
(b)6-Wheel
(c)7-Wheel

(5)According to brand name:
(a)Sulzer
(b)Pickanol
(c)Toyota

Specification:
1.Rachet Wheel(54)
2.Change Wheel(44)
3.Stud/Compound(70)
4.Stud/Compound pinion(27)
5.Take up Wheel(8/2)
6.Take up Roller Dia(10.5inch)
7.Cloth Roller
8.Pushing Paul
9.Holding Paul

Mechanism:
It consists of a train of five wheels. Of these five wheels rachet, stud and cloth roller wheels are driven wheels while change and stud pinions are driver wheels. The motion is primarily imparted from the sleysword. The sleysword is connected to the sley that gets motion from crank shaft and the crank shaft gets motion from motor by gearing. At the bottom of sleysword a connecting rod is connected which passes the motion to the monkey tail. The monkey tail is fulcrumed with two pawls: the upper is holding pawl and lower is pushing pawl. These two pawls are mounted freely to the rachet wheel which is the 1st wheel of this mechanism. The rachetwheel is connected with the change pinion by shaft which is the 2nd wheel. Under the change pinion the 3rd wheel named stud wheel is geared. This wheel is geared with the stud pinion, the 4th wheel. The 5th wheel is take-up roller wheel which is geared upon the stud pinion. The cylinder upon which the woven fabric is wound, is connected with this wheel by shaft. Now when the sley moves one time after one pick insertion the connecting rod pass this motion to the monkey tail and as the pawls are fulcrum with monkey tail they get upward motion. Using this upward motion the pushing pawl pushes the rachet wheel one time and and the holding pawl holds the rachet in this position. Finally the cloth roller gets the motion by gear train and thus fabric is wound on cloth roller continuously with the weaving of fabric.

The take-up may be grown or lessen by changing the position of monkey tail and pawls where they are sloted. The more the distance is between them the more take-up is occurred and vice versa.

Remarks:
By this experiment we know about how to cloth is collected by take up mechanism. This is an interesting experiment too. We hope this will be very helpful in our practical life.

Take-up Motion | Let-off Motion | Secondary Motions of Weaving LoomMechanism

Secondary Motions:

These mechanisms are next in importance to the primary mechanisms. If weaving is to be continuous, these mechanisms are essential. So they are called the ‘secondary’ mechanisms. They are:

1. Take-up motion
2. Let-off motiona. 

Take-up motion
The take-up motion withdraws the cloth from the weaving area at a constant rate so as to give the required pick-spacing (in picks/inch or picks/cm) and then winds it on to a cloth roller.

The main part of the mechanism is the take up rollers, which draws the cloth at the regular rate, and the number of picks per inch decides this rate. The take up roller is covered with emery cloth or hard rubber depending upon the type of cloth woven. The drive to the take up roller is by a train of gear wheels put into motion directly from the main shaft.

 Picture: Fabric take-up motion.

Let-off motion
The let-off motion delivers the warp to the weaving area at the required rate and at constant tension by unwinding it from the weaver’s beam. The secondary motions are carried out simultaneously. The speed of the servo motor is transmitted to warp beam gear via reduction gear, thus driving beam.

Jacquard Shedding | Jacquard Shedding Mechanism

Experiment name: Study on Jacquard shedding mechanism.

Introduction:
In weaving if we want to make any design in our fabric we have to separate the warp yarn according to our weave plan. In tappet or dobby shedding we have some limitations in shedding for a critical design. But in jacquard shedding it can be done easily. Jacquard is a shedding device placed on the top of the loom to produce large no of patterns by using a very large no of warp threads separately by means of harness cords, hooks and needles. The figuring capacity of a jacquard is 1800+. It means it can produce design with more than 1800 warp threads by controlling them individually, which is far beyond the capacity of a dobby or tappet loom.

Main parts:
1. Pattern chain.
2. Motor.
3. Pattern cylinder.
4. Needle. 
5. Knife.
6. Harness cord.
7. Neck cord. 8.Comber board.
9. Top board

10. Hook. 

11. Grid bar

12.Dead weight.

13.Spring board. 
14.Needle board. 

Shedding mechanism:
For shedding mechanism here punched card are used which is made according to design. One pattern card is used for one pick. With these pattern cards pattern chain is made which is placed on the pattern cylinder. On each pick pattern cylinder rotates 1/4th of the full rotation in clockwise direction. At the same time it oscillates to and fro forming an arc.

With every 1/4th rotation a new card comes front of the cylinder in the hook side and for the two and fro movement the needles enter inside the holes of the punch card. This selection of entrance inside the punches of the needles is actually done according to design.

If a needle enters in the hole of the card the needle remains stationary in its position. So the needle crank also remains stationary in its position. So for the upward movement of the knife the hooks also goes upward along with the warp threads to form the top line.

But if needle gets no perforation to enter, the hook is pushed to the right and as result the needle crank takes away the hook along with it. So when the corresponding knife goes upward it cannot lift the hook with it. Thus the warp ends of those hook remains fixed in its position and form the bottom line.

After certain time the knife releases two hooks which is lifted to form the top line and due to wrap tension and dead weight the heald eye comes down. Its downward movement is controlled by grid bar. Each needle has a spring push at its right and that spring pushes back the needle when the next card comes.

Conclusion:
By this experiment we learned about the jacquard shedding and how it works. It is the finest of all machines for making the designed woven fabrics that have been invented and far superior in capacity to a dobby or tappet loom.

Tappet Shedding | Tappet Shedding Mechanism | Scope of Tappet Shedding| Driving of Shedding Tappet

Experiment name: Study on Tappet shedding mechanism.

Objectives:
1. To know about the different parts formed this shedding.
2. To learn the mechanism of tappet shedding.

Scope of tappet shedding:
Tappets are generally used for heald shedding. Tappet, cam and wipers are names given indiscriminately to those irregular pieces of mechanism to which a rotary motion is given for the purpose of producing, by sliding contact, reciprocating motion in rods and levers. When the rod is to receive a series of lifts, with intervals of rest, the piece is generally called tappet.

Types of tappet:
Various kinds of shedding tappets are used in industries. 

They are of two main types:
1. Negative shedding tappet
2. Positive shedding tappet

Main parts:
1. Motor
2. Motor pulley
3. M/C pulley
4. Crank shaft
5. Crank shaft gear
6. Bottom shaft gear
7. Bottom shaft
8. Tappet
9. Connecting rod
10. Heald shaft
11. Top arm

Position of fixation of shedding tappet:
The shedding tappets are may be fixed in different parts of a loom.
Namely-

1. Under and over the centre of heald shaft.
2. Under and over one end of heald shaft.
3. Out side the loom framing.

Driving of shedding tappet:
In our loom tappet gets motion in the following way. At first machine pulley gets drive by belt from motor pulley. Then machine pulley, which is directly joined with the crank shaft, gives motion to bottom shaft. This crank shaft gives motion to bottom shaft via gearing. Two tappets are joined with the bottom shaft. So when bottom shaft moves then the tappets also rotate. When it gets contact with tradle bowl it lifts the tradle levers and the heald shafts are lifted by tradle levers via links. As this is a negative shedding tappet the heald shafts are lowered by their own weight.

Conclusion:
Tappet shedding mechanism is important for driving loom. It is also important for fabric design. By this experiment I learn this mechanism. This would be very helpful in my future life.

Dobby Shedding | Dobby Shedding Mechanism

Experiment name: Study on Dobby shedding mechanism.

Objectives:
1. To know about the different parts formed this shedding.
2. To learn the mechanism of dobby shedding.

Introduction:
Dobby is a shedding mechanism placed on the top of the loom in order to produce figured patterns by using large number of healds than the capacity of a tappet. Dobby is also known as a “witch or “wizard”.

Scope of a dobby:
The scope of dobby is limited between a tappet and a jacquard. The number of shafts that can be actuated by a dobby varies between 6 and 40. Theoretically dobby can control 48 shafts (maximum). However, practically it can control 36 shafts in case of wool and allied fibres. Again, for cotton and allied fibers, it can control maximum 24 heald shafts. In these case healds are operated by jacks and levers.

Main parts:
1.Bottom shaft 
2.L-lever  
3.Upright shaft  
4.T-lever 
5.Upper draw knife 
6.Lower draw knife  7.Upper hook
8.Lower hook
9.S-lever

10.Bulk lever

11.Thumb lever

12.Jack lever

13.Healdshaft

14.Returning spring

15.Motor

16.Crank shaft

17.Pattern cylinder

18.Pattern chain

Dobby shedding mechanism:
Here a climax dobby is described to explain the dobby shedding mechanism. Climax dobby is a double lift double jack-lever negative dobby. Here two jack levers are operated by a single bulk lever. They are joined with the bulk lever by a timber lever and a link. The double lever is fulcrum med at a point and is connected with S-lever.

The S-lever controls two hooks, one upper hook and one lower hook. The hooks are controlled by feelers. One hook is controlled by hooked feeler and other by a connecting needle. The two hooks control two knives that are joined with a T-lever.

The T-lever is fulcrum med and is controlled by an upright shaft and an L-lever. They get motion from motor and machine pulley. When the feeler comes in contact with a peg and when it is not in the contact it goes down.

Conclusion:
Dobby loom is important for its use. We can use 8-12 heald frame in tappet loom but if we want to use more heald frame for more decorative design then we should use dobby loom. This practical helps me to know about the dobby loom and its mechanism. I think this will help me in my future life.

Study on Positive Let-Off Mechanism

EXPERIMENT NAME: STUDY ON POSITIVE LET-OFF MOTION.

INTRODUCTION:
A mechanism controlling the rotation of the beam on a weaving, warp knitting or other fabric is forming machine where the beam is driven mechanically.

MAIN PARTS:
1. Warp beam 
2. Floating back rest
3. Feeler 
4. Spring
5. Warm 
6. Ratchet 7. Driving rod
8.Collar
9.Reciprocating collar

10. Warm wheel

11. Large beam wheel

12. Adjusting rod

POSITIVE LET-OFF MECHANISM:
The beam turning mechanism is shown in the figure. The beam is driven by ratchet on a short vertical shaft, which also carries the worm, which drives the worm wheel.A pinion on the same shaft as the worm wheel drives the large beam wheel, which is fixed, to one of the beam flanges.

A pawl operator turns the ratchet wheel by the driving rod, which gets motion of the sley sword. Each time the sley comes forward the oscillating collar is connected to fixed collar & there is engagements of pawl with ratchet.As the tension in the warp sheet is increased, the floating rest will move downwards and the rod carrying the fixed collar will move to the right and the rod R1 will move to move the driving rod to the left.

This will bring the fixed collar to the oscillating collar.As a result, the force of imparted oscillating collar and fixed collar is more. The pawl drives so more ratchet wheel teeth. So the beam motion is more and more warp is withdrawn to the increased tension.

CONCLUSIION:
In this mechanism, constant tension can be maintained and any variation in tension can be detected. So it is used in modern power looms.

Negative Let-Off Mechanism

Experiment Name:Study on Negative Let-Off Mechanism .

Introduction:
Let-off is to supply warp thread in the weaving zone at a predetermined rate. Negative let-off is a mechanism for controlling the rotation of the beam on a weaving, warp knitting or other fabric forming machine where the beam is pulled round by the warp against a breaking force applied to the beam.

Main parts:
1. Warp beam.
2. Beam ruffle.
3. Chain.
4. Machine frame.
5. Weight lever.
6. Pivot.
7. Fulcrum.
8. Weight.

Let-off mechanism:
The warp beam ruffle is wrapped around by chain. The one end of the chain is fixed at . i.e. at the m/c frame whereas the other end is connected to fulcrummed device to the weight lever , which is pivoted  and a dead weight  is placed which can be moved along the length of the weight lever.

In this system the tension of the warp is regulated by the friction between chain and the beam ruffle. The friction is controlled by dead weight on the weight lever and the distance of deadweight from the pivot. Heavier the dead weight and longer the distance of it from the pivot lesser the let-off.

The warp beam dia gradually decreases as weaving proceeds. So it’s necessary to increase the let-off rate. If the dead weight is kept on the same place, the let-off rate will remain unchanged. So an experienced worker is required to change the dead weight gradually with the change of the warp beam dia. As a result irregular tension occurs and the rate of yarn breakage may increase.

Conclusion:
Negative let-off mechanism is a very simple and manual mechanism. It is suitable for light and medium weight fabrics. It is mainly used in old looms and for weaving of plain cotton fabric. 

7-Wheel Take Up Mechanism | Study on Seven Wheel Take Up Mechanism(Cotton Weaving)

Experiment name: Study on seven wheel take up mechanism (Cotton Weaving).

Introduction:
Take-up is to draw a fabric to the cloth roller regularly as it is woven. Texture of a fabric largely depends upon the number of ends and picks per centimeter or inch. This motion determines the number of picks of weft per inch or centimeter and contributes to the uniform texture of the fabric. It is the work of the weaver for accurately fixing the position of the fell of the cloth before starting a loom.
Objects:

1. To know about the construction of the mechanism.
2. To know about drive of the take-up motion.

Take up motion:
The process of withdrawing fabric from weaving zone at a constant rate and then winding the woven cloth on the cloth roller with the continuous progress of weaving is called take up motion.

Types:
(1)According to drive:
(a) Positive take up.
(b)Negative take up.

(2)According to motion of the cloth/Rate of take up:
(a)Continuous
(b)Intermittent

(3)According to drive given to the cloth roller:
(a)Direct drive
(b)Indirect drive

(4)According to number of gear train:
(a)5-Wheel
(b)6-Wheel
(c)7-Wheel

(5)According to brand name:
(a)Sulzer
(b)Pickanol (c)Toyota

Main parts& Specifications:

1. Sley
2. Sleysword
3. Connecting rod
4. Monkey tail
5. Holding/Catching/Locking pawl.
6. Pulling pawl
7. Rachet Wheel(24)
8. Standard wheel(36). 9.Changewheel(1-Let)
9. Sewing wheel/Pinion(24)
10. Stud/Compound wheel(89)
11. Stud/Compound Pinion(14)
12. Take up wheel(89)
13. Take up roller(dia:15.5 inch)
14. Cloth roller

7-Wheel Take Up Mechanism

Motion Transfer:

Sley sword to connecting rod. Connecting rod to monkey tail. Monkey tail to pawl. Pawl to rochet wheel. Rochet wheel to standard wheel. Standard wheel to change wheel. Change wheel to sewing wheel. Sewing wheel to stud wheel. Stud wheel to stud pinion Stud pinion to take up wheel. Take up wheel to take up.

Working Principle:
This positive take-up mechanism consists of seven wheels. These are 

1. Rachet, 
2. Standard wheel, 
3. Change pinion, 
4. Stud pinion, 
5. Stud wheel, 
6. Swing pinion and 
7. Take-up roller wheel. 

The motion is primarily imparted from the sleysword. The sleysword is connected to the slay that gets motion from crank shaft and the crank shaft gets motion from motor by gearing. At the bottom of sleysword a connecting rod is connected which passes the motion to the monkey tail.

The monkey tail is fulcrum with two pawls: the upper is holding pawl and lower is pulling pawl. These two pawls are mounted freely to the ratchet wheel which is connected with the standard wheel by shaft. Over the standard wheel the change pinion is geared. The change pinion is connected with the stud pinion by shaft and the stud wheel is geared with the stud pinion upon it. The swing pinion is connected with the stud wheel and the cloth take-up roller wheel is geared with the swing pinion.

The cylinder upon which the woven fabric is wound, is connected with this wheel by shaft. Now when the sley moves one time after one pick insertion the connecting rod pass this motion to the monkey tail and as the pawls are fulcrum with monkey tail they get downward motion. Using this downward motion the pushing pawl pulls the rachet wheel one time and the holding pawl holds the rachet in this position. Finally the cloth roller gets the motion by gear train and thus fabric is wound on cloth roller continuously with the weaving of fabric.

Advantages of 7 take-up wheel over 5 wheel take-up mechanism:

1. It can give a larger number of picks per inch in cloth from a small stock of wheels by changing two wheels in the train,
2. It can give even a fraction of a pick per inch in cloth and
3. The number of teeth in the change wheel and the number of picks per quarter-inch has been simplified.

Remarks:
By this experiment we know about how to cloth is collected by take up mechanism. This is an interesting experiment too. We hope this will be very helpful in our practical life. 

Picking | Over Picking Mechanism | How to Increase PPM

Experiment name: Study on over picking mechanism.

Introduction:
Picking is the second primary motion in weaving. The action of inserting weft yarn through the warp yarns is called picking. 

The functions of picking mechanism are:
1.To deliver the shuttle along the correct flight length.
2.To throw the shuttle at a predetermined speed.

Main Parts: 
 

Over picking

• Picking arm
• Picking strap
• Picker
• Bottom shaft
• Picking spindle
• Shuttle
• Picking cam
• Vertical shaft
• Cone
• Bowl
• Angular
• Crank shaft

Features of Over Picking Mechanism:
1.Picking arm is over shuttle.
2.Suitable for narrow loom.
3.Higher picks per minute.
4.Less power required.
5.Works more smoothly.
6.Shortening the picking strap and changing the shape of the cam can increase picking force.

Mechanism of Over Picking:
Over picking mechanism is used on cotton and jute loom. It is robust and easy to adjust and maintain. The spindle is situated over the shuttle box and is essential to guide the shuttle along the correct path. It is normally set slightly up and slightly towards the front of the loom and its inner end.

The back end of the shuttle will thus receive a similar lift at the end of the stroke, so that its leading end will receive correct delivery down and into the shed. A flexible leather-picking strap is used to control the picker, which has tendency to stretched slowly in use, and vary with regard to its elastic property.

The cone over pick motion consists a vertical shaft placed either inside or outside the loom framing. The shaft serves as fulcrum of the picking arm, it is held against the loom frame. There is a spiral spring at the picking shaft, which causes the picking arm and picker to move back after the delivery of the pick.

At the two end of the bottom shaft, two picking cams are fixed. In revolving its nose the tappet strikes the cone shaped ant frictional roller strut, positively rotates the shaft and causes the pick to move inward with sufficient velocity to drive the shuttle across the loom. The timing of the picker begins to move can be attend by turning the picking tappet on its boss.

How to Increase PPM:
1.By increasing motor speed.
2.By setting the cone stud nearer to the picking tappet.
3.By decreasing the picking strap.
4.By altering the position of picking arm towards the centre of the loom.
5.By decreasing the length of the stroke of picking tappet.

Uses:
This is used for narrow and fast running looms, weaving light and medium weight fabrics and for many narrow and wide looms for weaving heavy fabrics.

Conclusion:
The over picking motion is negative one; the exact amount of power is required to drive a shuttle. By this experiment we learned about the over picking mechanism and how it works. This experience will help us in our future practical life.

Driving Mechanism and Production of Tapped Loom

Experiment name: Study on driving mechanism and production of tapped loom.

Objectives:

1.To know about the driving mechanism of tapped loom.
2.To know about the production of tapped loom.
3.To know about the different parts of the tapped loom.

Different part of tapped loom:

1.Motor pulley.
2.Machine pulley.
3.Gear -1
4.Bottom shaft gear.

Specification:

1.Motor RPM:1440
2.Motor pulley dia:3.5inch
3.Machine pulley dia:18inch
4.Teeth of gear -1: 36
5.Teeth of bottom shaft gear: 72 

Conclusion:
By this experiment we came to know about gearing diagram & calculated the production of tappet loom.