Doubling in Ring Frame | Study on Ring Doubling Frame

Experiment Name: Study on ring doubling frame
1.Spindle speed, front roller delivery.
2.Twist, twist Constant.

Objects:
1) To combine two or more single threads into one.
2) To insert sufficient amount of twist for holding the yarns.
3) To increase strength, smoothness and luster.
4) To reduce hairiness.
5) To make sewing thread.
6) To wind a suitable bobbin.

Main parts:  

1. Creel stand and creel. 
2. Front roller. 
3. Yarn guide. 
4. Ring and ring rail  
5. Tin cylinder. 
6. Traveller.  
7. Thread weight or slip roller. 
8.  Lappet  Spindle.

Specification:

• Motor rpm = 1430 
• Motor pulley diameter = 6.25²
• Machine pulley diameter = 10.25²
• Tin cylinder diameter = 10²
• Wharve diameter = 1.37²
• Cylinder carrier wheel = 24T
• TCP carrier wheel = 62T
• TCP = 63T
• Front roller diameter = 2’’

Calculation:

Gearing diagram of doubling frame: 

 

Figure: gearing diagram of doubling frame.

Result:
1) Spindle speed = 6461.59 rpm
2) Twist constant = 1235.25
3) Front roller delivery = 319.143 inch/min.
4) Existing TPI = 20
5) Production = 14.37 lb/shift/frame.
6) Required TPI = 16.266
7) Required TCP =76.25T

Conclusion: 

By this experiment we come to know about various parts and working principle of ring doubling frame. This machine is important for producing double yarn on sewing thread.

Calculation of Twist, Twist Constant of the Ring Frame

Name of the experiment: Calculation of twist, twist constant of the ring frame.

Objects:
i) To find out twist per inch of the ring frame.
ii) To find out twist constant of the ring frame.

Specification:
Front roller diameter =  1”
Tin cylinder diameter =  10”
Whrave diameter = 1.125”
Twist change pinion = 48T

Gearing diagram:

Figure: gearing diagram for calculating twist and twist constant of ring frame.

Calculation:

Result:
1) TPI= 21
2) Twist constant= 1008

Conclusion:
Ring frame is the final and very important machine for build the yarn onto bobbin in a form suitable for storage, transportation and processing. It is used to twist the drafted strand to form yarn of required count and strength. In this practical we calculate twist, twist constant of the ring frame. By this practical we come to know about the gearing diagram of ring frame. Special thanks to our teacher and his assistance for helping us.

Calculation of Draft, Draft Constant of Ring Frame

Name of the experiment: Calculation of draft, draft constant and draft in each zone of the ring frame.

Objects:
1) To find out draft, draft constant of the ring frame.
2) To find out draft of each zone of the ring frame.

M/C specifications:

• RPM of the motor =1440 
• Dia of the motor pulley = 5”
• Dia of the tin cylinder pulley = 10.5”
• Dia of the tin cylinder = 10”
• Dia of the wharve = 1.125”
• No of teeth of fibre wheel = 42T
• No of teeth of front roller driving wheel = 98T
• Dia of the front roller = 1”

Gearing diagram:

Figure :- Gearing Diagram of Drafting Zone of Speed Frame Machine

Calculation of draft, draft constant and draft of each zone of the ring frame:

 

Conclusion:
Ring frame is the final and very important machine for build the yarn onto bobbin in a form suitable for storage, transportation and processing. It is used to twist the drafted strand to form yarn of required count and strength.

Calculation of Spindle Speed and Front Roller Speed of the Ring Frame | Gearing Diagram of Ring Frame

Experiment name: Study on the gearing diagram, calculation of spindle speed and front roller speed of the ring frame.

Object:
1. To know about the different parts of the ring frame.
2. To know about the function of the different parts of the ring frame machine.
3. To know about the driving mechanism of the spindle
4. To calculate the front roller delivery of the machine
5. To study the machine in order to improve our technical knowledge.

Gearing Diagram Ring Frame:

Fig: Gearing diagram of ring frame

Machine specification:

• RPM of the motor = 1440 
• Diameter of the motor pulley = 5″
• Diameter of the tin cylinder pulley = 10.5″
• Diameter of the tin cylinder = 10″
• Diameter of the wharve = 1.125″
• No of teeth of lower grip wheel = 26T
• No of teeth of upper grip wheel = 46T
• No of teeth of fibre wheel = 42T
• No of teeth of twist carrier wheel = 86T
• No of teeth of twist wheel = 48T
• No of teeth of front roller driving wheel = 98T
• Diameter of front roller = 1″

Calculation:

Result:
Spindle Speed = 6095.24 rpm
Front roller delivery = 323.56 inch/min

Conclusion:
Our teacher and lab assistants are very much helpful to us. Their well teaching and instruction help us greatly to understand this practical. I think this practical will be very helpful in my future career.

Ring Frame | Material Passage Diagram of Ring Frame

Experiment name: Study on the material passage of Ring frame.

Object:
1. To produce required count of yarn from the supplied roving by the drafting.
2. To insert sufficient amount of twist to the yarn.
3. To wind the yarn onto the bobbin.
4. To build the yarn package properly.

Main Parts Ring Frame:
1. Creel
2. Guide roller
3. Trumpet
4. Drafting rollers
5. Yarn guide
6. Lappet
7. Balloon controlling ring
8. Traveler
9. Ring
10. Spindle

Specification:
I. Name of manufacturer: Platts.
II. No of spindle: 64 
III. Ring dia: 6.2 cm
IV. Lift of the bobbin: 9”

Passage diagram:

Fig: Passage Diagram of Ring frame

Description:
The feed material come from speed frame i.e. roving bobbin is placed on the creel. The creel which is attached to the machine is umbrella type. Then feed material is passed under the guide rollers and through the trumpet in to the drafting zone. Here some draft is inserted in to the roving. The draft system is 3 over 3 drafting system with apron. The delivery material that is delivered from the front roller is reached to the traveler over pneumatic waste collector, lappet and through balloon controlling ring. Lappet is used to control the material path and balloon controlling ring is used to control the balloon formation and spinning tension. Here roving is twisted by the movement of the traveler around the ring. The yarn is then wound on the ring cop.

Conclusion:
Our teacher and lab assistants are very much helpful to us. Their well teaching and instruction help us greatly to understand this practical. I think this practical will be very helpful in my future career.

Building Mechanism of Speed Frame / Roving Frame / Simplex Machine

Name of the experiment: Study on the building mechanism of speed frame.

Objects:
1. To provide reversing motion of the bobbin rail.
2. To transfer the cone drum belt so that bobbin speed is decreased with the increase of bobbin dia.
3. To make the tapering shape pf the bobbin.

Function of building mechanism:
1) To transfer the cone drum belt.
2) To traverse the bobbin rail.

1) To transfer the cone drum belt:
This mechanism consists of following machine parts.
i) Dead wt.
ii) Rack driving wheel.
iii) Rack
iv) Vertical shaft.
v) Connecting rod.
vi) Connecting bar.
vii) Ratchet wheel.

There is a dead wt. at one end of the mechanism which causes the vertical shaft to rotate. They are connected through a chain. There is a rack driving wheel connected to the vertical shaft. The rack is behind the rack driving wheel. The motion of vertical shaft causes the rack driving wheel to rotate. If rack wheel rotate in the clockwise direction, it cause the rack to move in the left side. The be of cone drum is connected with the rack through a connecting rod. The left side movement of rack causes the belt to move to the left, thus reducing bobbin speed with its increasing dia.

The rack driving wheel moves in the anticlockwise direction then rack will move to the right causes the belt to move to the right. The rotation of vertical shaft is controlled by ratchet wheel. The movement of vertical shaft may be continuous due to dead weight. But ratchet wheel controls its movement. The ratchet wheel makes a 0.5 inch movement after completing winding of one layer of roving on the bobbin. As vertical shaft is connected with ratchet wheel it cannot move continuously. Again the amount of shifting of belt depends upon roving thickness i.e. on roving count. The amount of shifting of belt is controlled by replacement of ratchet wheel on by substitution of change wheels. When the bobbin is fully wound the belt must be moved back to its starting point. Today it is usually done automatically.

2) To traverse the bobbin rail:
Second function of the building mechanism is to traverse the bobbin rail. If the bobbin does not traverse the roving will wind in only one position thus making the package unstable. So to wind roving on to full length of bobbin it requires traversing motion of bobbin rail. It is done by the above mechanism. 

 

In this mechanism the following parts are available.
a. Rack driving wheel.
b. Rack
c. Lifter change pinion.
d. Double bevel.
e. Fixed bevel.
f. Bobbin rail driving shaft.
g. Connecting rod.

The connecting rod gets traversing motion from building mechanism. Double bevel is on the connecting rod. During the motion of the connecting rod when the left bevel comes in contact with the fixed bevel it gets motion from the fixed bevel. The fixed bevel has a definite direction of movement. If it moves in anti clockwise direction the left bevel will move in clockwise direction. Through gear train bobbin rail driving shaft will also move in clockwise direction. The rack driving

Wheel which is on it will also move in clockwise direction. Thus causing the rack to move in downward direction. Again when right bevel comes in contact with fixed bevel it will move in anti-clock wise direction. Through gear train the bobbin rail driving shaft will also move in anti-clock wise direction. So the rack will move in upward direction. In this way traversing of bobbin rail occurred.

Conclusion:
The function of building mechanism of the speed frame is to transfer the cone drum belt and to traverse the bobbin rail. By this practical we learn about the building mechanism of speed frame practically. Special thanks to our teacher and his assistance for helping us.

Calculation of no of Coils per inch of the Roving Bobbin

Experiment name: Calculation of no of coils per inch of the roving bobbin.

Objects:
1. To know the necessary specification for calculation.
2. To know how to calculate the coils/inch of roving bobbin.

Theory:

M/c specification:
1. Rpm of motor pulley = 960 
2. Motor pulley diameter = 5″
3. Machine pulley diameter = 7″
4. Cradle wheel = 40T
5. Cradle carrier wheel = 55 T
6. No of teeth in TCP = 28T
7. No of teeth in TCCP = 30T
8. Diameter of top cone drum = 6.5″
9. Diameter of bottom cone drum = 3.87″
10. Bottom cone drum change wheel = 18T
11. No of teeth of fender wheel = 68T
12. No of teeth of fender shaft wheel = 30T
13. Fender swivel bracket carrier wheel = 36T
14. Top lifter change wheel = 18T
15. Wheel on stud bevel = 44T
16. Stud bevel wheel = 22T
17. Double upright bevel wheel = 22T
18. Double upright bevel wheel = 18T
19. Reversing bevel = 70T
20. Reversing bevel = 70T
21. Bobbin lifter change pinion = 16T
22. Socket swivel carrier wheel = 72T
23. Socket stud wheel = 13T
24. Differential motion carrier wheel = 57T

Fig: Gearing diagram of Roving Frame to calculate no of coils per inch of the roving bobbin

Calculation:
We know, Bobbin speed = 822 
Spindle speed = 749 
Therefore, Coils per minute = 822 – 749 
                                          = 73 
Result:
No. of coils per inch = 11.

Conclusion: 

Our teacher and lab assistants are very much helpful to us. Their well teaching and instruction help us greatly to understand this practical. I think this practical will be very helpful in my future career.

Twist Constant of the Speed Frame / Simplex M/C / Roving Frame Machine | Calculation of Twist, Twist Constant of the Speed Frame Machine

Name of the experiment: Calculation of twist, twist constant of the speed frame machine.

Introduction:
Twist is the spiral turns given to a yarn to increase the strength of the yarn. But in speed frame machine vary small amount of twist is given to the roving to make it able to wound onto a bobbin. For a fibrous material twist is measured by the parameter twist per inch (TPI), twist per centimeter or twist per meter (TPM). For the cotton sample twist is measured by TPI.

In speed frame machines twist per unit is varied with the variation of raw material and its different parameters. This variation of twist is inserted by changing a wheel that is connected with the main driving shaft named twist change pinion (TCP). And the multiply of TCP and TPI, present in a machine is called twist constant. This value is applicable for any required twist with corresponding TCP. So we can find out the required TCP to get a given TPI. The generalize formulae is as below: 

Specification:

• Front roller carrier wheel :80T(A)
• Twist constant change pinion carrier:30T(B)
• Twist constant change pinion:30T(C)
• Twist change pinion:28T(D)
• Sprocket wheel:34T(E)
• Sprocket pinion:36T(F)
• Spindle carrier wheel:40T(G)
• Spindle wheel:22T(H)

GEARING DIAGRAM:

Fig: Gearing diagram of speed frame

Calculation:
 

Result:
Twist per inch TPI → 1.56 
Required TCP → 33 

Conclusion:
Speed frame is the first machine which enables the winding of the fibrous material on to a package. From this machine the fibre gets a circular shape which is very advantageous to be used in ring spinning. So the importance of this machine is very much. In this experiment we indicate different gearing diagram of the twist inserting portion; specify it and calculate twist and twist constant. We found a satisfactory result. So the experiment is a successful one.

Apron Draft Spinning Frame Machine | Jute Apron Draft Spinning FrameMachine | Bobbin Building Mechanism

Experiment name: Study on Jute Apron Draft Spinning Frame Machine.

Objects:
§ To know about the gearing diagram of jute spinning frame.
§ To know about Flyer rpm, surface speed of retaining r/r and drawing r/r.
§ To know about the bobbin building Mechanism.

Main parts Jute Apron Draft Spinning Frame Machine :
1. Retaining roller.
2. Drawing roller.
3. Tin cylinder.
4. Flyer.
5. Bobbin rail

Machine specification:
· Motor rpm = 1250.
· Motor pulley diameter = 8.5²
· Machine pulley diameter = 13.5²
· Tin cylinder diameter = 5.8²
· Flyer diameter = 1.8²
· TCP = 37T
· DCP = 49T
· Drawing roller diameter = 2.4²
· Retaining roller diameter = 1.3²

Calculations:

Fig: Gearing diagram of Jute Apron Draft Spinning Frame Machine

Fig: Bobbin Building Mechanism

Results:
Ø Flyer surface speed =  2441.07”/min
Ø Surface speed of retaining r/r =  83.06”/min
Ø Surface speed of drawing r/r =  1905.3”/min
Ø Surface speed of Tin cylinder =  55314.5”/min
Ø Draft =  23
Ø Draft constant = 1127.

Conclusion:
Apron drafting sliver spinning frame is very important and necessary M/C for any jute industry. So, we should learn about this experiment very carefully and sincerely.

Slip Draft Spinning Frame Machine | Jute Slip Draft Spinning FrameMachine

Experiment Name: Study on the Jute Slip Draft Spinning frame machine.

Objects:
1. To know about gearing diagram of the M/C.
2. To know about Flyer speed.
3. To know about surface speed of drawing, retaining r/r and Tin cylinder.

Main Parts:
§ Retaining roller.
§ Intermediate roller.
§ Drawing roller.
§ Tin cylinder.
§ Flyer.
§ Bobbin rail.

General Description:

• Machine manufacturer = JAMES MACKIE AND SONS.
• Model number = 14376.
• No of flyer per frame = 20 
• Draft range = 10-20 
• Machine pitch = 4.25²
• Flyer speed = 3000-4000 rpm.

Machine Specification:
o Motor rpm = 1450.
o Motor pulley diameter = 8.5²
o Machine pulley diameter = 11²
o Tin cylinder diameter = 6²
o Flyer diameter = 2²
o TCP = 50T
o DCP = 46T
o Drawing roller diameter =2.25²
o Retaining roller diameter = 2.5²
o Intermediate roller diameter = 1.375².

Calculations: 

Fig: Gearing diagram of Jute Slip Draft Spinning Frame Machine

 Result:
o Flyer speed = 13361.36
o Surface speed of Tin cylinder =  121120.07”/min
o Surface speed of drawing r/r =  910.35”/min
o Surface speed of retaining r/r =  64.42”/min
o Surface speed of intermediate r/r =  83.3”/min
o Draft =14.13
o Draft constant = 650

Conclusion: 

This experiment is very important for us to know and learn about the slip drafting sliver spinning frame. So, we should learn about this experiment very carefully and sincerely.

Water Resistance, Water Resistancy | Determination of Water Resistanceby Shirley Hydrostatic Head Tester

Name of the Experiment: Determination of water resistance by Shirley Hydrostatic Head tester.

Introduction:
The merit of a fabric intended for rainwear, wagon covers or tents is judged, amongst other properties, by its ability to keep water out; conversely, when intended for hose pipes or canvas buckets, to keep water in. In another direction, some fabrics must exhibit the ability to absorb water rapidly, toweling being an obvious example. So there is a relation between water and textile materials which is very necessary for their end use.
 
Objective:
To measure the water resistance of the given fabric.
 
Theory:
Water resistance is the force or pressure of water which it applied on textile material to keep out though it and the determination of this required pressure or force is very important for particular use of a fabric. Shirley Hydrostatic Head tester is used to determine this pressure of water. In this instrument the specimen holder consists a double-chambered cell; the internal diameter of the inner chamber is 5 cm. Circular specimens are clamped between rubber gaskets over the orifice. Compressed air enters the outer chamber through a tube B and displaced the distilled water contained in the chamber through communicating passages into the inner chamber, thereby forcing water up against the specimen. The clamp is provided with a skirt which prevents air from leaking continuously across the test specimen from inner to outer chamber or to the atmosphere. The tube is connected to a manometer and the pressure of water against the fabric is, for all practical purposes, the pressure shown on the adjustable scale mounted on one arm of the manometer tube. The air supply for the test is drawn from a reservoir of about 3 l capacity which is itself fed through a flow control device from a source which may vary between 4 and 20 in/lb2. The flow control device is so designed that once it has been set to give the required rate of increase of pressure of 10 cm of water per minute, the rate of loading will be within the specified limits of 10+/-0.5 cm/min up to the limit of the instrument. The maximum head attainable is 150 cm of water.

Spray tester

Apparatus:

1. Crease recovery tester
2. Water
3. Template
4. Canvas fabric.

Sample:
Spherical canvas fabric.
Size:       6 cm diameter.
 
Atmosphere:
Temperature – 25oC and relative humidity – 67%
Standard atmosphere: temperature – 20oC and relative humidity - 65%.
 
M/c specification:
Name: Shirley Hydrostatic Head tester
Brand: NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA, made in England. 

Capacity: 0-150 cm.  

Working Procedure:

1. Circular specimens of 6 cm diameter are cut very carefully with as little handling of the fabric as possible.
2. The test cell is rinsed with distilled water and filled up to approximately 0.3 cm of the top.
3. The inner rubber gasket is thoroughly dried by wiping with a clean absorbent cloth and a test specimen is laid over the orifice.
4. The dried clamp is placed in position and screwed down.
5. The switch is turned to ‘Head’ position to start the compressor and then turned to ‘Test’ position.
6. The pressure under the specimen is increased at a specified rate and until water appears minimum at the three places on the fabric, the switch will not be turned to ‘Head’ position.
7. As soon as three drops of water appear on the fabric the reading is taken from the dial.
8. In this way at least 10 readings are taken from 10 specimens and average pressure is then calculated.

Data:

S/n	Pressure in cm	Average pressure
1	28	30.8
2	30
3	34
4	29
5	33

Table: Pressures found from the test.

Result:
The water resistance of the sample fabric is 30.8 cm water pressure. As a result fabric will be water repellent.

Remark:
According to the type of fabric the resistance of fabric varies between 0 -150 cm. The sample of the fabric is a canvas cloth and its water resistance is 30.8 cm. So it may say that the fabrics resistant to water is enough for its end uses.

Determination of Yarn Strength | Determination of Single Jute YarnStrength

Name of the Experiment: Determination of single jute yarn strength and quality ratio.

Introduction:
The strength of a yarn gives us an idea how much load we can apply on it and it is very important for different process of yarn. On the other hand quality ratio of yarn indicates how good or bad the yarn is. Therefore, the experiment has two objects: 

1. To find out the strength and quality ratio of yarn.
2. To assume about the quality of yarn.

Theory:
Quality ratio is the ratio in percent of single yarn strength (lb) and yarn count (lb/spyndle). Single yarn strength in lb Jute yarn count in lb/spyndle i.e. Quality Ratio = X 100 .Again, count lb/spyndle is the weight of yarn in lbs per 14400 yards.
 

Figure: The pendulum lever principle

Count = (WXl)/(LXw)
Here, L = length of the sample & l = unit length of the system
W = wt. Of the sample & w = unit wt. of the system. 

A lea strength tester measures the strength of one lea yarn. One lea means 120 yards. Strength is a measure
of the steady force necessary to break a material and is measured in pound. The m/c works in constant rate of
extension. Assuming the specimen to be extensible and an absence of any dynamic effects, we get from the figure:

Fr = Mgr = MgRsinθ 
As the value of MgR and r are constant, therefore
F∞sin θ  . 

According to the applied force the m/c dial gives us the strength in lb on the basis of this θ  . 

Apparatus:
1.Wrap reel
2. Lea strength tester
3. Electrical balance

M/c specification:
The Lea Strength Tester
Goodbrand & Co. Ltd.
Capacity: 25 lb

Testing atmosphere:
Temperature – 29oC and relative humidity – 76%
Standard atmosphere: temperature – 20oC and relative humidity - 65%.

Sample:
Size for count – 25 yards and for strength – 24 inches Jute yarn.
No. of sample for count – 5 and for strength – 20.

Working Procedure:
1. At first 25 yards jute yarn is measured by wrap reel and in this way 5 samples are taken for count testing.
2. Then all the samples are weighted and counts are calculated.
3. Now a single 24 inches yarn from 1st sample is fixed between the jaw J1 and J2.
4. The m/c is started and observed the dial until the yarn is torn out.
5. When the yarn is torn out the m/c is stopped and the reading is taken.
6. By this way the reading of other yarns from other samples are taken.
7. Quality ratio of the all samples are calculated.
8. At last average and CV% are calculated.

Data:

Yarn count:
 

SL no.	Length in yds	Weight in gms	Count (lb/spyndle)	Average
1	25	23.8	30.22	29
2		24.7	31.37
3		21.78	27.66
4		21.95	27.87
5		22.05	28

 

Yarn strength and quality ratio:

 

SL no.	Length in inches	Weight in lbs	Average	Quality ratio	Average
1	24	20.3	20.13	70	73.25
2		24.4		84
3		25		86
4		19.6		67

Calculation: 

Result:
The strength of jute yarn is 20.13 lbs and quality ratio is 73.25.

Remark:
It is considered that fibres having quality ratio less than 80 are bad or weak, between 80-100 are average and greater than 100 are strong. From our experiment we see that the quality ratio of the sample is less than 80 and CV% is 5.89. This proves that there are many variations in this test. So finally we can say that these yarns are averagely low strength fibres. But it may be vary because our testing atmosphere is not standard.